Event 3: Louise Darling Biomedical Library

As I explored the Louise Darling Biomedical Library, I was fortunate enough to come across some unique and special artifacts that are not that old when it comes to collectability.  I came across some artifacts that were a part of space and a part of human exploration of space.  The experience of human exploration of space is unfathomable.  Just by being near the possessions that were included in a space launch made myself be filled with wonder knowing I was touching something that was not within the world as we know it to be. 

Anna Lee Fisher is a UCLA graduate of Chemistry and was assigned to the 1978 NASA Group that boarded Discovery launch.  She brought with her a small handheld book written by Hippocrates himself and it was about the codes that a doctor or physician should go by when tending to patients.  She was the emergency physician on board the spacecraft, and that made her the artist’s rendition of the mix between space, medicine, and art, which are 2 different topics we talked about.  The book is a unique art piece that is classical in its medical practices, but it changes into a work of space art because it was introduced into an atmosphere that is unlike the Earths.

I also got to see a piece of a spaceship’s belly material that is made of silicone to prevent the spacecraft from burning up once it makes its descent back into the Earth’s atmosphere.  The silicone material acts as a absorbent of heat for the friction that is caused when the spaceship is trying to touch back down.  The tiles are angled in a way to fit precisely into each other and are labeled to insure a safe structure.  This is a testament to math and angles, which is included in the topic of math and art.

The collection was special for it is how space has been disturbed by human interaction.  The interaction causes fascination and it is even overwhelming to think that the objects were in space at once.  As a added greatest to Anna Lee Fisher’s legacy, she brought a UCLA banner with her up into space. Go Bruins!

Works Cited/Links

"Library Special Collections for Medicine and the Sciences (Biomedical Library)." UCLA Library. Web. 4 June 2015. <http://www.library.ucla.edu/destination/library-special-collections-medicine-sciences-biomedical-library>.

"Anna Lee Fisher." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 4 June 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lee_Fisher>.

"Space Shuttle Questions." Physlink. Web. 4 June 2015. <http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~huynhqlinh/olympicvl/tailieu/physlink_askexpert/ae524.cfm.htm>.

Dunbar, Brian. "STS-51A." NASA. NASA, 18 Feb. 2010. Web. 4 June 2015. <http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51A.html>.

"Astronaut Bio: Anna Fisher (7/2014)." Astronaut Bio: Anna Fisher (7/2014). NASA. Web. 4 June 2015. <http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/fisher-a.html>.

Event 2: Fowler Museum

The most personal thing a man or woman can purchase is the house.  The house turns into the visual representation of how a man lives and what he believes in because the homeowner puts all his virtues and values into the square feet of land that he/she possesses.  The tile, curtains, carpet, decoration, all of it is a representation of how a person lives their life within the comfort of their ideals.  The exhibit presented in the Fowler Museum, Singular Spaces: From the Eccentric to the Extraordinary in Spanish Art Environments, shows this same value of personal space, but it is taken to an artistic extreme.  Jo Farb Hernández captures the art of self-taught artists in photograph and the concept of a home is changed.

The homeowners in Spain all use their own houses and yards to change their living into a continually changing art piece.  As seen in the photos, the houses are not only colored, but also decorated with religious elements that depict strong connections to the lives of those who live in the household.  The artwork correlates strongly with the lecture we had about space and art.  The idea of space as in universal and microscopic images was covered, but the use of space to create a personal connection through art is another venue with space and art.  The artists change their personal space into the ideas they have in their brain, which is the very premise of what geography is. 

The use of space and area is well done also within the self-taught artists.  In one of the artworks, the person’s house is turned into a monstrous painting.  The use of the door entrance and windows to be depicted as a mouth and the opening into the throat is a great use of space and creativity to depict what the artist wanted.  The artwork may look simple, but the premise of the art is beautiful in its nature.

Works Cited/Links

"Singular Spaces: From the Eccentric to the Extraordinary in Spanish Art Environments | Fowler Museum at UCLA." Fowler Museum at UCLA. Web. 1 June 2015. <http://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/singular-spaces-eccentric-extraordinary-spanish-art-environments>.

"The Art of Geography | Bringing the Sense of Place to Life." The Art of Geography. Web. 1 June 2015. <http://www.artofgeography.com/>.

"Spaces." SPACES Blog RSS. Web. 1 June 2015. <http://www.spacesarchives.org/blog/author/jo-farb-hernandez/>.

Hernandez, Jo. "Art Environments: Curatorial Roles and Responsibilities." YouTube. YouTube, 28 Apr. 2015. Web. 1 June 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKvXyOnI6MM>.

Teeuwen, Marjan. "Abandoned Buildings Turned Into Incredible Art Installations." Inhabitat. Web. 1 June 2015. <http://inhabitat.com/abandoned-buildings-turned-into-incredible-art-installations-by-marjan-teeuwen/>.

Week 9: Space and Art

The idea of space is very important when it comes to my major in college because it defines all relationships of objects.  As a Geography/Environmental Studies major at UCLA, the idea of space versus place is covered as a concept of information.  A place is a coordinate space that has a meaning or an attribute given by humans to it.  The meaning behind a building is that we call it so as we see it in space.  Space is a combination of many different arts, but I like how naturally artistic space is and how fascinated humans are with the natural occurrences of the known world.

The fascination of space objects leads back to a classic phenomenon that occurs about every 75 years, the sighting of Halley’s comet. (Space.com) Halley’s comet is an event that people and media rave about when it is coming near the time for it to intersect paths with Earth.  The temporal space that allows it to be seen every 75 years puts the comet in an artistic constant that allows people to hype the occasion, and beautiful photos of the natural phenomenon occur to preserve the once in a lifetime moment.  Astrologist from all countries sent out probes and spacecrafts to capture the day that Halley’s comet passed by close enough to Earth for it to be recorded. The beauty of a large object burning up in space has marveled humans because it shows a product of places we will never go and things too foreign to make sense of.  The art in Halley’s comet it that it stretches the human mind to think beyond our normal scope of life.

Another fascination in space is the existence of black holes.  The idea of a singular point being so dense in mass that it takes in all other is hard to understand if you think about it.  The black hole is also an artistic nightmare because you can never really get close enough to it to depict the emotions and attributes that form its nature, due to it would suck you into its dense point.  The depictions of a black hole are all artistic renderings, and they all show the destructive power that comes with the spatial effects of a black hole.  In all media, the black hole is seen as a devastating act of nature to be feared, just as space has always been seen as a vast space of fear and unknown.

Works Cited/Links

Howell, Elizabeth. "Halley's Comet: Facts About the Most Famous Comet." Space.com. 20 Feb. 2013. Web. 27 May 2015. <http://www.space.com/19878-halleys-comet.html>.

Gefter, Amanda. "The Strange Fate of a Person Falling into a Black Hole." BBC Earth. 25 May 2015. Web. 27 May 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150525-a-black-hole-would-clone-you>.

"The Return of Halley's Comet." ASP. 1985. Web. 27 May 2015. <http://astrosociety.org/edu/publications/tnl/01/01.html>.

"Halley's Comet Returns in Bits and Pieces." NASA Science. Web. 27 May 2015. <http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1998/ast20oct98_1/>.

"Black Holes." NASA Science. Web. 27 May 2015. <http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes/>.

Week 8: Nanotech and Art

The use of nanotechnology is becoming a necessity for growth and change within human society.  Over the history of physics and science, the idea of changing things on an atomic level has been talked about, but it was never formed as a separate department of science.   Dr. Gimzewski states in his lecture that Feynman, a scientist, notices that at a nanoscale, the laws of physics change and the effects of surface tension and thermal jittering have a larger effect than gravity at that scale. (Lecture, Part 1) The concept of nanotechnology is knowledge that only a select few of scientist can grasp, but the art that is conceived by the mechanics or practice of it is stunning.

Atoms are now being drawn or rendered due to a process called scanning tunneling microscopy. (Lecture, Part 2) The surface of material is changed based on changes of chemical bonds creating waves, so basically any shape can be made on a surface.  The art potential with this scanning tunneling microscopy is only scratching the surface because works of art can be made on surfaces that were once a different shape or flat. 

Also the rendered geometric shapes of atoms can now be seen by the same scanning process. The patterns and shapes of different atoms and atomic structures are seen from the process and it is an achievement of science and art.  The art aspect of it is how something that is present within nature, but cannot be seen by the naked eye, is able to be shown to our eyes through technological advances.  To be able to see what was once unknown and mysterious is a great attribute to put on an artwork, and seeing silicon structures and how symmetric their build in nature is achieves a work of art.

Works Cited/Links

Vesna, Victoria. Lecture 1. DESMA 9. Web. 21 May 2015.

Vesna, Victoria. Lecture 2. DESMA 9. Web. 21 May 2015.

"The Scanning Tunneling Microscope." Nobel Prize. Web. 23 May 2015.

"MADE IN IBM LABS: The World's Tiniest Art on Display." IBM. Web. 23 May 2015.

"Nanotechnology: The Art of Molecular Carpet-weaving." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 Jan. 2012. Web. 23 May 2015.

Week 7: Neuroscience and Art

The topic of neuroscience is key to our present day because we are in the month of May, which is the month of mental health awareness.  The concept of the brain being the thought process of the body and that the brain can affect the body through the nervous system is common, especially among young adults.  Even the idea of phrenology that is present in lecture one not too far off when it comes to how the brain has certain functions, and those functions control parts of the body. (Vesna)  The images taken from MRI are not being used to help those with mental health conditions.

              Christopher deCharms is a neuroscientist who is bringing about a new science that will allow people to train their brain to endure pains and to see into one’s own mind to know what happens when he/she feels pain. (Ted Talks) This technology not only presents an avenue for art that can be collected through trial with the MRI scans, but it also give those with OCD, anxiety, or other mental illnesses the ability to see what parts of their brain are affected by their condition. From there, medicine or therapy can be applied to try to stimulate those parts of the brain and create a better life for those who are mentally ill. 

              The science of consciousness is also relevant within observations and discussions because it brings about an artistic look on thoughts and whether or not we consciously think about feelings and emotions or if they come second nature due to more of a subconscious brain activity.  The largest example of conscious thought would be the black ink splatters that are used to see personality traits.  The test uses brain activity to determine the personalities by what the person choices the ink splatters look like in their minds.  The human brain is still full of mysteries, and we can do more within neuroscience to better lives and bring awareness to brain illnesses.

Works Cited/Links

Vesna, Victoria. “Conscious / Memory (Part 1).” Lecture. 14 May 2015.

DeCharms, Christopher. "A Look inside the Brain in Real Time." Ted Talks. 1 Feb. 2008. Web. 15 May 2015.

Pinker, Steven. "The Brain: The Mystery of Consciousness." Time. Time Inc., 29 Jan. 2007. Web. 15 May 2015.

"Rorschach Inkblot Test." History of Projective Testing. Web. 15 May 2015.

"Mental Disorders." Rorschach Technique. Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. Web. 15 May 2015.

Event-Provocations: The Architecture and Design of Heatherwick

The Provocations: The Architecture and Design of Heatherwick Studio in the Hammer Museum was a fascinating find due to its ability to expand on conventional ideas and how it showed the evolution of designs.  The models that were present within the museum varied from resourceful designs that could be used everyday, to inventive models that could re-sculpt the geography of many areas of disinterest in the world. 

            The “Expanding Furniture” item is a basket-like object made from acrylics and is a revolution for what seem to be carrying things and decreasing space when you don’t need to carry as much.  The acrylic parts are joined together in angles that allow the object to retract or expand out to make a bowl shape or an elongated oval shape.  The item is a perfect innovation for carrying because you can adjust the length of the object to hold more or less.  The concept ties into topic of how math and art can design an object because the furniture opens and closes by use of angles and transitions that are mapped out by the mathematics of closing angles and proper angles. 

            The imagination that Thomas Heatherwick has is also shown in his modern designs of what bridges should look like.  The design that I liked the most was the bridge that when it is drawn up actually rolls into itself and creates two opposing circular shapes, and can roll back out.  This intricate design is also a math and art combination because it creates a beautiful kinetic art and also the design of the steel beams must be right to have the bridge fold up perfectly.

            The geographical changing art model that Heatherwick introduces is the park that is in the middle of the desert.  Though it is economically improbable, the green, lush park in the middle of the desert would be a great environment and an art to be seen.  The topic hasn’t really been covered, but the art would lie under a geotech subject due to the nature of the art to change the surroundings and change how people interact with the surroundings.

Works Cited/Links

  "Provocations: The Architecture and Design of Heatherwick Studio." The Hammer Museum. Web. 14 May 2015.

  Hawthorne, Christopher. "Provocations." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Web. 14 May 2015.

  "How Is Marley Park Able to Support All of Its Grass and Trees in This Desert Region?" Marley Park. Web. 14 May 2015.

  "10 Unusual and Creative Bridges." Toxelcom. Web. 14 May 2015.

  "Heatherwick Studio: Rolling Bridge." Rolling Bridge. Web. 14 May 2015.

Week 6: Biotech and Art

The use of technology to better understand what causes and what creates different levels of life is indeed relevant, but it is also controversial.  As Joe Davis did with his experiments, biotech is, in the large picture, trying to make connections on things that do not connect. (Vesna, Lecture 1)  The ability to genetically enhance or alter an organism is interesting in the fact that very recently in the past it would be considered witchcraft or a taboo to society, and some people still believe it to be taboo. 

The genome is a DNA structure that is the essential material needed to create life and to signify what characteristics that life has. (Wikipedia) The alterations that scientist make on organisms, like the GFP bunny, are proven to not be harmful to the organisms, but there is still backlash to the experiments that occur.  Religious argues with the idea of genetic engineering because it is seen to oppose religious beliefs, as in human finitude. (Andras)  For a scientist, or human in general, to alter what is already living or try to create something that is not Heavenly created is seen as a gesture against God, and humans do not know the consequences that could happen due to their tampering with nature.  It is a tough issue because on one hand, genetically engineered plants and fruits can lead to better produce and thus less hunger in the world, but also we should not alter the world because we do not know if there are long term consequences based on what we do.

On the art side, the use of gene transferring has created luminescent animals under ultraviolet light which is a sight to see.  The art associated with the high level of science is creative alone due to its advanced process to be made.  It is also historic by that genetic engineering is related to our past in agriculture in the form of selective breeding.  Genetic engineering and biotech is meant to put the discussion of life and how it can form into the mind of people, but the art that shows it is what has made it a common topic within science and art.

References

 

Vesna, Victoria. Lecture. DESMA 9. Web. 10 May 2015.

Eduardo, Kac. "GFP BUNNY." 2000. Web. 9 May 2015.

"Genetic Engineering & Religious Beliefs." People. Web. 11 May 2015.

"Is Genetic Engineering Morally Acceptable?" Biotechnology as Religion. Web. 10 May 2015.

Emerson, Peter. "Biotechnology and Religion." Ezine Articles. Web. 11 May 2015. .

 

 



Week 4: MedTech and Art

The human body and genome has always been a fascination to us as humans because we want to explore what makes us function and live on this Earth.  Some of the art that is contrived from our bodily function is beneficial and inspires technology to help people who have disabilities or create drugs to help those with diseases (http://www.gene-sis.net/artists_fontcuberta.html/), and some art is exploratory and can seem a bit off, like the body part jewelry that is made by Emily Watson. (www.metalemily.com) The jewelry is shaped to look like human body parts and while it is inventive, there is much more that has been done through medicine and art.

Ever since the exploration and discoveries of DNA and its double helix structure, there seems to be a growth in medical technology and the investment of science within medicine.  The investment that science has put into the double helix structure has been matched by the art aspect of the same structure. (The Economist, http://www.economist.com/node/1730781) The discovery of the DNA structure has been around for more than two generations now, but it is still a large part of modern day art because as said before in other blogs, “Art has long borrowed images and inspiration from science and technology.” (The Economist)

But modern medical and technological art isn’t just about exhibits and paint displays.  There is functional works of art that help better the lives of people.  Audio feedback and braille development is a large key to helping better the lives of those with disabilities.  Large companies, like Apple, are coming up with Bluetooth linked braille displays that work with cellphones, which I believe to be a huge innovation to better the lives of the blind. (http://www.apple.com/accessibility/ios/braille-display.html) The next step could be a sonar or echolocation type device that can send messages to the brain of the blind to help them see to a certain extent again.  The human mind can take technology to unlimited possibilities and art can inspire new innovations in medicine.

Art is even a form of medicine in today’s world.  Doctors are using art as a release of stress and a way to look into the psychological problems that are hurting the patients on an emotional level.   Patients become more aware of themselves due to their ability to draw and reflect on why they drew certain things. (http://www.healthandhealingny.org/complement/art_history.asp)

 References

Watson, Emily. "Metal & Enamel Jewelry." Emily Watson | Metal & Enamel Jewelry | Home Page. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.metalemily.com/>.

"Genome Research." Genome Research RSS. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.gene-sis.net/artists_fontcuberta.html/>.

"Back to Bases." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 26 Apr. 2003. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.economist.com/node/1730781>.

"Braille Displays." Apple - Accessibility - IOS - Braille Displays. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.apple.com/accessibility/ios/braille-display.html>.

"Art Therapy." Center for Health and Healing. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.healthandhealingny.org/complement/art_history.asp>.

 

Week 3: Robotics and Art

Robotics has always been a fascination in the world of art due to hits futuristic nature and the unknown that it presents to the world.  Robots are defined by what humans can make them do, just like how an art piece is defined by what perception or feelings are put into the paint style or image drawn.  Because robotics are a sole invention of the creative human mind, there lies many emotions and concerns with the production of robots. 

I, Robot. 2004.

This is seen in the main conflict of the movie I, Robot that came out in 2004. (Proyas)  A brief description of the movie is that the human world and interaction with others is almost completely controlled by robots and the robots being used are smart and have an adaptive capability that allows them to become smarter through experiences.  The robots believe that humans are the problem in society and end up trying to turn the tides and take over the city where the movie is.  This artistic view of mass production of robots and their intelligence is a view of negativity.  The robots are seen as the destruction to human society, but there is one self-aware robot that acts more like humans and is seen as the hope of the movie.  As Hod Lipson says the future of robots are they being self-aware and adapting to environments. (Lipson) The art behind self-aware robotics is that they constantly doing their own experiments and getting results and changing based on those results.

Robot creating a sketch drawing

Robotic arts are based on kinetic art, which is the use of machines or technology to express an artistic idea whether it is using computers or stationary machines. (Art Radar)  But robotic arts are more than just what we can do with mechanics, its what we can do with programming.  There are robots being made that can paint or create art themselves, which is flipping the role of how we see robotic art. (The Local) To think that the day would come where robots would be painting classic arts is amazing.  As you can see, the internet world and computing world is expanding, which is creating an increase in robotics and also an increase in production, making the robotic world a hot topic for artistic showmanship. (Norman, 2015)

The possibilities made by human engineering and robots.  Robots creating art.

References

 

Lipson, Hod. "Building "self-aware" Robots." TED. 2007. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ted.com/talks/hod_lipson_builds_self_aware_robots>.

I, Robot. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. :, 2004. DVD.

"Art Radar." Art Radar. 9 May 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. <http://artradarjournal.com/2014/09/05/what-is-robotic-art-art-radar-explains/>.

"Painting Robot Sparks 'what Is Art?' Debate." The Local. 23 Oct. 2013. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. <http://www.thelocal.de/20131023/52543>.

Norman, Jeremy. "Relating the Rapidly Changing Present to the Distant Past as Far as Book History Is Concerned." Relating the Rapidly Changing Present to the Distant Past as Far as Book History Is Concerned. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. <http://www.historyofinformation.com/narrative/index.php>.

Week 2: Math and Art

"After a certain high level of technical skill is achieved, science and art tend to coalesce in esthetics, plasticity, and form. The greatest scientists are always artists as well." –Albert Einstein

I have learned through the combined works of math and art that there is much higher correlation between the two then we can determine by just seeing an artwork for what it is.  The design that goes into the art is much more detailed than what is believed to be.  Artists all grow up with the same urges that scientist do, even as a child.  They want to explore new things and what to experiment with different materials or ideas to create an object or art that is deeper than just paint on a canvas or sketches on a paper.  The use of angles and the interaction, stated by Nathan Selikoff, of lines and shapes are what basically make up any art, and the make-up is derived from mathematical operations.  In the Flatland novel, shapes, length, or thickness determined the characteristics of people, which are all measures that we can determine by visuals.  In example, a longer line on a stick figure makes the ‘person’ taller than a shorter line.  The relationship between math and art is embedded in our thoughts.

  M.C. Escher used geometric adjacency to make tiled works of art that fit into each other perfectly, but the shapes did not have to be regular shapes, as seen in his works with forming reptiles. 

Reptiles, 1943

Development 1, 1937

The relationship of art with mathematics runs deep because each different class of knowledge is very much intertwined.  You cannot make art without lines, polygons, or use of common mechanics of math, as seen in the Grasp Pendulum.

Grasp Pendulum, 2010

Also, math cannot be separated with art

because math innovations are brought out by the creativity and natural curiosity of humans to explore our surroundings and record it.  Also, the visual representation of math can give mathematicians a view on a problem that they have never seen before or realized. (Schattschneider, 2003)

The “Tiles in the Albambra” artwork can be dissected into mathematical influence by how it was constructed.  The lines that

Tiles in the Albambra, 1936

end each polygon meet and become one with the next polygon, so there is a combination of colorful art display, but also a pattern that is enrich and the human eye likes to look at.

Works Cited

 "Nathan Selikoff". web video. 2015. <nathanselikoff.com>.

Abbott, Edwin A. Flatland. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey. 1991.

"Grasp Pendulum". photograph. Ottobock Headquarters: Berlin, Germany. 2010. <artcom.en/department/art-en/>.

"Mathematical Art of M.C. Escher". web and photographs. Platonic Realms. 1997-2015. <http://platonicrealms.com/minitexts/Mathematical-Art-Of-M-C-Escher/>.

Schattschneider, Doris. "Mathematics and Art- So Many Connections". web. Moravian College. 2003. <http://www.mathaware.org/mam/03/essay3.html>.

Week 1: Two Cultures

The split into two cultures of art and science has been seen physically as the campus of UCLA.  While walking through the campus you must make a decision on where your future lies as a student.  Either you choose to go south, and become a part of the science culture, or you go north and become part of the arts culture.  C.P. Snow speaks of this separation of society and it is physically shown within the geographic distribution upon the UCLA campus. 

North Campus,

http://guesthouse.ucla.edu/location.php

The northern campus is seen as the artistic, idealist, and free part of the campus and the landscape suggests the same claims.  There are many sculptures that have open-ended meanings and views along with plenty of trees and swirling paths.  On the other hand, the south campus has much more geometric patterns to its structure.  There are more straight paths and symmetry that relates to the factual, methodical views of science.  The separation leads to misunderstanding of the other culture, and assumptions are made out of lack of knowledge, as also stated by C.P. Snow.

South Campus,

http://www.ust.ucla.edu/ustweb/Projects/PROJECTS/ucla/SCSC_01_big.jpg

The future of the two cultures is in the motion of mixing though for a third class.  There is gaining motive for artists to want to venture into the world of science to get ideas and expand their works into a more modern world. (Wilson) With technological advances and science development increasing, the 21^st century is going to need artists who can depict the science innovation within the scheme of arts. 

Window, http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/spring11/html/art_of_medicine.php

            Coming from a farming family, my parents grew up in a simpler culture and   Now with my experiences at UCLA, it is easy to see the difference between the cultures of cities and countryside, or rural and urban.  It is interesting to see how the quick moving atmosphere of the 21^st century can be captured by the Western pastime of arts and literature.

raised me with the same family values and characteristics that are a part of the country culture.

References

 Snow, C. P. “Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution.” Reading. 1959. New York: Cambridge UP, 1961. Print.

"UCLA South Campus." Photograph. 2011. <http://www.ust.ucla.edu/ustweb/Projects/PROJECTS/ucla/SCSC_01_big.jpg>.

"Murphy Sculpture Garden at UCLA." Photograph. 2013. <http://guesthouse.ucla.edu/location.php>.

"Window." Photograph. Dartmouth Medicine. 2011. <http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/spring11/html/art_of_medicine.php>.

Wilson, Stephen. "Myths and Confusions in Thinking about Art/Science/Technology." Reading. 2000. NYC. Print.